Shortages of posters and trucks add to candidates’ challenges.

As a young woman in the late 1970s, Sanae Takaichi commuted six hours a day by bus and train from her parents’ home in western Japan to attend university. She was a fan of heavy metal music and Kawasaki motorcycles who yearned to move out. But her mother insisted at first that she stay home, forbidding her from living in a boardinghouse before marriage.“I dreamed of having my own castle,” Ms. Takaichi wrote in a 1992 memoir.On Tuesday, Ms. Takaichi won election as Japan’s prime minister, the first woman to do so in the nation’s history. It was the pinnacle of an improbable rise in politics and a milestone in a country where women have long struggled for influence.VideoA poster of Sanae Takaichi in her electoral district in Nara Prefecture in Japan, where she grew up.CreditCredit...Noriko Hayashi For The New York TimesMs. Takaichi, 64, who grew up near the ancient Japanese capital of Nara, defies easy labels. She once spoke bluntly about the challenges of working in politics as a woman in Japan, yet she is now the leader of the traditionalist, male-dominated Liberal Democratic Party. She has expressed concern about Japan’s reliance on the United States, but has also said she hopes to work closely with President Trump. She is an amateur drummer who idolizes bands like Iron Maiden and Deep Purple, yet she also wears blue suits to pay homage to her other hero, the former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher.Ms. Takaichi, a protégée of Shinzo Abe, Japan’s longest-serving prime minister, who was assassinated in 2022, is expected to move Japan farther to the right, responding to a recent populist wave that bears some similarities to Mr. Trump’s MAGA movement. She has embraced hawkish policies on China; pushed the message that “Japan is back”; played down Japan’s atrocities during World War II; and promised to more strictly regulate immigration and tourism.“She wants to make Japan strong and prosperous for the people of Japan and for the world,” said Yoshiko Sakurai, a prominent journalist and activist who has supported Ms. Takaichi. “She is open to the outside world. But she also understands that we have to be really good Japanese. We have to know our own culture, traditions, philosophy and history.”Ms. Takaichi will face her biggest test yet as she deals with fresh uncertainty about Japan’s military and economic alliance with the United States. She is expected to meet next week in Tokyo with Mr. Trump, who has rattled Japanese officials with tariffs and suggestions that the country should pay more for the presence of American troops in the region.While many Japanese politicians come from wealthy, elite circles, Ms. Takaichi grew up in humble circumstances in Nara Prefecture, an area teeming with temples, shrines, dense forests and rolling green hills. Her mother worked for the police department, and her father worked at a car parts maker.ImageKashihara City in Nara, where Ms. Takaichi spent her childhood.Credit...Noriko Hayashi for The New York TimesMotoko Shimada, a childhood friend of Ms. Takaichi’s, recalled her pigtailed classmate sharing homemade onigiri, or rice balls, and rolled omelets with students who had forgotten their lunchboxes on a school trip.“She was very smiley and very reserved,” Ms. Shimada said. “She didn’t have this strong-woman image. But she was able to notice when someone was not blending in well or struggling, and she was able to help them.”From a young age, Ms. Takaichi seemed aware of the pressures facing Japanese women. Her mother told her to be a “crimson rose,” Ms. Takaichi recalled in a 2024 biography by Eiji Ohshita, asking her to “retain feminine grace while possessing the thorns to confront wrongdoing.”Her parents pressured her to attend Kobe University, a state school about 50 miles northwest of her hometown, even though she had won admission to elite private institutions in Tokyo. They felt their daughter did not need a university education because she was a girl, Ms. Takaichi has said in interviews, and they wanted to save up to support her younger brother. (Ms. Takaichi declined, through a representative, to be interviewed for this article.)VideoAn intersection outside Nara Station.CreditCredit...Noriko Hayashi for The New York TimesAfter graduation, Ms. Takaichi attended the Matsushita Institute of Government and Management, a renowned training ground for young politicians and business leaders. In the late 1980s, she took an interest in the United States, Japan’s chief economic competitor at the time, securing an internship in the office of former Rep. Patricia Schroeder of Colorado, a Democrat and ardent feminist.Ms. Takaichi had been moved by Ms. Schroeder’s tearful speech in 1987 announcing she would not run for president. Ms. Takaichi sent Ms. Schroeder a telegram, encouraging her to run again someday and offering her help.In Washington, Ms. Takaichi was an energetic presence, peppering aides with questions about the inner workings of Congress and American foreign policy — and developing a love of peanut butter. There was no hint of her conservative views on defense or social issues at the time, said Andrea Camp, a former aide to Ms. Schroeder.When she returned to Japan, Ms. Takaichi worked as an author and a television personality, developing a reputation as a pugnacious debater. In 1993, she began her political career, winning election to Parliament as an independent from Nara on a platform of political reform. Her father put his retirement savings toward her campaign.In the Diet, Japan’s Parliament, Ms. Takaichi soon discovered the isolation of being a woman in politics. Her male colleagues were sometimes dismissive, she recalled, and they often conducted business at saunas and social clubs, where it wasn’t feasible to meet with female lawmakers.“It’s really difficult for a woman to meet a man one-on-one,” she told The Associated Press in 1993. “People are watching, and I don’t want some strange scandal being invented. We can’t use the hours after 5 p.m.”ImageMs. Takaichi celebrating with supporters in Nara in 1993 after being elected to Parliament.Credit...The Asahi Shimbun, via Getty ImagesDuring her early years in Parliament, she forged an enduring alliance with Mr. Abe, a lawmaker from an elite family with a nationalistic worldview. The two found common ground on issues like increasing military spending and adding a more patriotic tone to history textbooks.When Mr. Abe was elected to his first stint as prime minister in 2006, he appointed Ms. Takaichi to his cabinet, making her one of the most visible women in Japanese politics. He reappointed her in 2012, at the beginning of his second term, which lasted eight years. She became a fierce defender of his policies, including efforts to revise Japan’s Constitution to unfetter its military after decades of postwar pacifism, and his economic program, which emphasized cheap cash and government stimulus efforts.Ms. Takaichi tried to persuade Mr. Abe to run again in 2021, but he declined. When she entered the race, he threw his support behind her. “Ms. Takaichi is the true star of the conservatives,” Mr. Abe said at the time. She lost that race and fell short in another bid in 2024.When Mr. Abe was assassinated outside a train station in Nara, while giving a stump speech, Ms. Takaichi was devastated. She said at the time that she had “never felt so physically and mentally down.”“I have to work very hard from today,” she wrote on social media, “otherwise I’d have to apologize to him.”ImageMs. Takaichi with Shinzo Abe, left, in 2014. The two found common ground on issues like increasing military spending and revising Japan’s textbooks to provide a more nationalistic view of World War II.Credit...Toru Hanai/ReutersWhen Shigeru Ishiba announced in September that he would resign as prime minister, after a series of embarrassing electoral defeats for the L.D.P., Ms. Takaichi raised her hand again to lead her party. She beat four men, riding a wave of support among rank-and-file party members with a message about turning people’s “anxieties into hope.”As her profile has risen, Ms. Takaichi’s private life has come under scrutiny. She married Taku Yamamoto, another L.D.P. politician, in 2004. They divorced in 2017 — Ms. Takaichi has said that the couple had heated political arguments at home — before remarrying in 2021. That time, Mr. Yamamoto took Ms. Takaichi’s surname, a rare gesture in Japan’s patriarchal culture.In Kashihara City in Nara, Ms. Takaichi’s hometown, which has a population of about 125,000, her friends and supporters have celebrated her ascent, praying for her success at local temples and sending white orchids to her district office.Nara has featured prominently in her political life. During the recent campaign, she accused tourists of kicking the cherished deer of Nara Park. She drew criticism for the remark, which some saw as xenophobic.ImageYukitoshi Arai, Ms. Takaichi’s former hairdresser, pioneered the cropped hairstyle that she made famous.Credit...Noriko Hayashi for The New York TimesYukitoshi Arai, Ms. Takaichi’s former hairdresser in Nara, helped pioneer the cropped hairstyle that she has made famous. He said he wanted her eyes and ears to be visible to show that she was seeing and hearing the people she met. He said he felt that Ms. Takaichi retained the qualities of people from the Kansai region in central Japan: humor and humility. He once gave her a bottle of shampoo that Ms. Thatcher was said to have liked while visiting Tokyo.“I don’t think she’s an ‘iron lady,’” he said, referring to a nickname given by the British media to Ms. Thatcher. “Her vibe is that of a Kansai woman.”After her victory this month in the L.D.P.’s leadership election, Mr. Arai texted his former client to remind her to take care of herself.Ms. Takaichi responded two days later. “The battle begins now,” she wrote.Kiuko Notoya contributed reporting from Nara Prefecture and Hisako Ueno from Tokyo.ImageMs. Takaichi’s constituency office in Yamatokoriyama City, Nara Prefecture.Credit...Noriko Hayashi for The New York Times