Strait of Hormuz blockade and other major naval sieges in modern times

A "shadow fleet" of vessels successfully bypassed a US naval blockade of the Strait of Hormuz between March 1 and April 15, 2026, following an escalation of conflict involving Iran. This covert network of ships utilized fake flags, shell companies, and disabled tracking signals to navigate the vital waterway, which is crucial for global oil transport. The blockade was imposed by the United States on April 13 after Iran threatened to block enemy ships. Despite the blockade, an investigation tracked 202 voyages by 185 vessels through the strait, demonstrating Iran's ability to evade international maritime restrictions. This operation occurred amidst fears of attacks and disruptions to navigation in the strait, a chokepoint for a fifth of the world's oil.

During a rally in Florida, Donald Trump described a US Navy operation to seize a ship amid an American blockade of Iranian ports, stating the navy acted "like pirates." This occurred as legal experts expressed concerns over Iran's blockade of the Strait of Hormuz and its intention to charge passage fees. Iran effectively closed the strait, a crucial oil and gas route, following a US-Israeli air campaign. The US announced its blockade of Iranian ports last month after peace talks failed. The US Central Command has redirected numerous vessels to enforce compliance with the blockade, which the Pentagon stated will continue indefinitely and applies to all ships entering or leaving Iranian ports. Iran has pledged to maintain its control of the strait as long as the US blockades its ports.

Global famine fears are escalating due to the ongoing crisis at the Strait of Hormuz, which analysts warn could lead to an eight-year disruption similar to the Suez Canal closure of 1967-1975. The U.S. naval blockade of Iranian ports and Iran's effective closure of the Strait have strained fragile food supply chains and driven up prices. While a diplomatic resolution could reopen the Strait within weeks, it would still take months for supply chains to normalize. In the worst-case scenario, the Strait could remain closed for an extended period, significantly impacting global trade and food security, particularly due to disruptions in fertilizer transport.

Pakistan has opened six overland transit routes to Iran to facilitate trade amid disruptions caused by US-Iran tensions and a blockade of the Strait of Hormuz. The initiative, formalized on April 25, 2026, allows goods from third countries to be transported through Pakistan to Iran by road, addressing the issue of thousands of stranded containers at Karachi port. These routes connect Pakistan's major ports, including Karachi and Gwadar, with Iranian border crossings in Balochistan. The move aims to promote regional trade and position Pakistan as a key trade corridor. The announcement occurred during Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi's visit to Islamabad, where Pakistan is seeking to mediate an end to the conflict between the US and Iran. The transit order does not include Indian-origin goods.

Iran's UN envoy stated that guarantees against attacks and full respect for Iran's rights are necessary for stability in the Persian Gulf. This comes as the White House is reviewing a proposal from Iran, delivered via Pakistan, aimed at unblocking the Strait of Hormuz. The proposal outlines Iran's "red lines" on nuclear issues and the vital waterway, through which a significant portion of global oil and LNG supplies normally pass. The news follows a two-month internet blackout in Iran, which has now entered its 60th day. US President Donald Trump met with security advisors to discuss Iran's written messages.

Iran's national currency, the rial, has hit new lows against the US dollar, trading at over 1.81 million to the dollar on Wednesday. This sharp decline is attributed to a US naval blockade and existing sanctions, which are impacting Iran's trade, particularly with China and the UAE. The currency's value has plummeted significantly over the past year, exacerbated by unchecked inflation and economic mismanagement. In response, Iranian authorities are attempting to mitigate the impact by empowering border provinces for essential goods imports and allocating funds for food purchases. The US Central Command stated the blockade has effectively cut off Iran's economic trade.

As the ceasefire between the U.S. and Iran nears expiration this week, Iran is reaffirming its threat to block ships in the Strait of Hormuz if the U.S. does not lift its blockade of Iranian ports. Iranian parliamentary Speaker Mohammed Bagher Qalibaf stated that Iran will continue to target commercial vessels in the critical waterway, through which a significant portion of the world's oil passes. This announcement follows an incident on Saturday where Iranian forces fired on ships attempting to transit the strait, forcing them to turn back. The situation threatens to escalate the global energy crisis and potentially lead to renewed conflict. Pakistani mediators are attempting to facilitate further negotiations between the U.S. and Iran before the ceasefire ends on Wednesday.

The U.S. Navy has implemented a sea blockade against Iran, halting economic trade in and out of the country by sea, beginning Monday, according to U.S. Central Command. The blockade, enforced in the Gulf of Oman beyond the Strait of Hormuz, applies to all vessels entering or leaving Iranian ports, regardless of nationality. U.S. forces are intercepting vessels after they leave Iranian facilities and clear the Strait of Hormuz, forcing them to turn around. Shipping data indicates that Iran-linked or sanctioned vessels have altered course, stopping or turning around after leaving the Gulf. The U.S. military is using various methods beyond standard tracking beacons to identify ships originating from Iranian ports.

Donald Trump announced that the U.S. Navy would begin a naval blockade of the Strait of Hormuz, targeting vessels that have paid tolls to Iran. According to the U.S. Central Command (Centcom), the blockade would be enforced impartially against vessels entering or departing Iranian ports and coastal areas, starting Monday at 10:00 EDT. The U.S. Navy Commander's handbook defines a blockade as preventing vessels and aircraft from entering or exiting specified areas controlled by an enemy state. Trump stated the blockade would be effective soon and involve other countries, with NATO potentially assisting in clearing mines. The UK will not be involved in the blockade. The stated aim is to ensure free passage through the Strait of Hormuz, which Trump accuses Iran of hindering.

On April 14, 2026, the United States implemented a naval blockade of Iran to pressure the country into accepting terms to end their ongoing war. Iran's armed forces have condemned the blockade as an illegal act. The blockade threatens Iran's oil revenue, as approximately 80% of its exports pass through the Strait of Hormuz. While Iran had been controlling access to the Strait, allowing only select countries to pass, it continued to export its own energy products. In March and early April, Iran's oil exports actually increased, reaching 1.84 million barrels per day in March. The price of Iranian oil has remained above $90 per barrel in the past month.

A US naval blockade of the Strait of Hormuz is raising the specter of a major energy crisis in Asia. The blockade, initiated by the US to pressure Iran into peace talks and reopening the strait, has prompted Iranian threats against all ports in the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman. The Strait of Hormuz is a critical chokepoint for global energy supplies, particularly for Asia, through which nearly 90% of the region's crude oil transits. China, India, Japan, and South Korea are especially vulnerable, relying on the strait for a large majority of their oil imports. With peace talks stalled, the timeline for resuming oil flows remains uncertain, threatening significant economic disruption in Asia.

Oil prices rose above $100 per barrel on Monday after ceasefire talks between the U.S. and Iran failed to end their ongoing war, which began in late February. Despite the breakdown in negotiations, U.S. stock markets remained relatively stable, suggesting cautious optimism about the conflict's potential impact on the global economy. The S&P 500 was virtually unchanged, while the Dow Jones Industrial Average was down 0.5% and the Nasdaq composite rose 0.3%. President Trump threatened a blockade of the Strait of Hormuz in response to the failed talks, aiming to restrict Iran's oil revenue. Iran retaliated by threatening all ports in the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. The Strait of Hormuz is a crucial waterway for global oil transport.

China has criticized the United States' potential blockade of Iranian ports, deeming it "irresponsible and dangerous." This statement follows US accusations of "economic terrorism" against Iran for disrupting traffic in the Strait of Hormuz. A Chinese foreign ministry spokesman urged all parties to adhere to ceasefire arrangements, prioritize dialogue, and restore normal traffic in the strait. The spokesman also refuted reports that China was preparing to deliver air defense systems to Iran, dismissing them as fabrications. He further stated that China would take countermeasures if the US imposed tariffs based on these accusations. The US had threatened tariffs on Chinese goods if military assistance was provided to Iran.

China is advocating for a ceasefire in the Iran war to ensure the Strait of Hormuz remains open for international trade and energy transport. This comes as US President Donald Trump announced a large naval operation targeting the oil transit chokepoint. Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Guo Jiakun stated that the Strait's stability and unimpeded passage are crucial for global interests. According to Guo, the conflict involving Iran is the primary cause of disruptions in the Strait. China urges all parties to remain calm and exercise restraint to resolve the issue.

Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov met with Chinese President Xi Jinping in Beijing on Wednesday to discuss geopolitical issues, including the conflict in the Middle East and the war in Ukraine. Xi Jinping called for stronger strategic coordination between China and Russia, emphasizing the importance of their relationship amidst international instability. He urged both countries to protect their interests and support Global South unity. Lavrov and Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi also discussed the Middle East conflict and the Ukraine war on Tuesday. Lavrov offered that Moscow could compensate for China's energy shortages due to the Strait of Hormuz shutdown.